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source_id,citation,year,publication_status,evidence_type,domain_and_data,sample_or_scope,main_result,project_use,limitations,supports,does_not_support,doi_or_id,source_url,verification_status,checked_date
L01,Chen et al. Pre-statistical harmonization of behavioral instruments across eight surveys and trials,2021,peer_reviewed,empirical workflow/methods,Behavioral instruments across eight dementia surveys and trials,Eight studies; manual instrument review plus automated raw-data checks,"Comparable-looking items often differed in wording, response options, scoring, or direction and required pre-statistical review",Defines the source-review and crosswalk work required before statistical linking,Different population and constructs; does not test semantic embeddings or cross-national DIF,"Official wording, response options, scoring, and populations must be reviewed before pooling",Semantic similarity alone establishes psychometric equivalence,10.1186/s12874-021-01431-6,https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-021-01431-6,verified_primary,2026-09-20
L02,Kołczyńska. Combining multiple survey sources: A reproducible workflow and toolbox for survey data harmonization,2022,peer_reviewed,methods/workflow,Four cross-national survey projects; trust items,"ESS, EVS, EQLS and Eurobarometer example","Crosswalk-centered, human-auditable documentation improves reproducibility of ex-post harmonization","Supports machine-readable source crosswalks, recodes, provenance and status tracking",Focuses recoding/documentation rather than latent linking or item semantics,Harmonization decisions and transformations need reusable documentation,A documented crosswalk proves measurement invariance,10.1177/20597991221077923,https://doi.org/10.1177/20597991221077923,verified_primary,2026-09-20
L03,McElroy et al. Using natural language processing to facilitate the harmonisation of mental health questionnaires,2024,peer_reviewed,empirical validation,Five mental-health questionnaires in a UK adult sample,"2,058 participants; 741 item pairs",Sentence-BERT semantic similarity correlated moderately with empirical item correlations and predicted held-out pair correlations with small error,Closest evidence for semantic item matching and response-structure signal,"Adult UK sample, overlapping questionnaires and shared respondents; manual rules still needed; no cross-country DIF or survey-design inference",Text embeddings can help propose harmonization candidates,Embedding similarity verifies psychometric equivalence or transportability,10.1186/s12888-024-05954-2,https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-024-05954-2,verified_primary,2026-09-20
L04,Ravenda et al. Rethinking psychometrics through LLMs: how item semantics shape measurement and prediction in psychological questionnaires,2025,peer_reviewed,empirical proof-of-concept,"Big Five, DASS-42, GAD-7 and PHQ-9 questionnaire data",Large public questionnaire datasets; proof-of-concept response prediction,Semantic structure predicted empirical correlation patterns and supported prediction of responses to unseen items,Shows semantic representations can encode response-structure information in psychological questionnaires,Cross-cultural and multilingual transport were not established; predictive proof-of-concept is not survey harmonization,Item semantics may explain part of response covariance,"Universal psychometric equivalence, DIF recovery or calibrated cross-national latent scores",10.1038/s41598-025-21289-8,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-21289-8,verified_primary,2026-09-20
L05,Yancey et al. BERT-IRT: Accelerating Item Piloting with BERT Embeddings and Explainable IRT Models,2024,peer_reviewed_conference,method plus operational evaluation,Duolingo English Test items,High-stakes language assessment item bank; exact proprietary sample details require full-paper extraction,BERT embeddings and engineered features reduced pilot length while maintaining reported criterion validity and reliability,Direct precedent for text features predicting IRT item parameters,"Educational test items differ from suicide-related survey items; does not address cross-country DIF, complex samples or latent phenotype harmonization",Text-derived item features can inform item-parameter estimation,This project's core method is unprecedented or immediately transferable to health surveys,ACL Anthology 2024.bea-1.35,https://aclanthology.org/2024.bea-1.35/,verified_primary,2026-09-20
L06,Chen and Chen. From Text to Parameters: Predicting Item Parameters from Embedding Regularization with Reliability and Design Ceilings,2026,preprint,method/benchmark,Mathematics and medical-licensure item banks,Two item banks; repeated cross-validation and simulation-based ceilings,Difficulty was more predictable than other parameters; reliability/design ceilings and repeated splits changed interpretation,"Requires uncertainty-aware targets, repeated grouped validation and ceiling analysis for semantic parameter prediction",Preprint; educational/assessment domains; not cross-national mental-health surveys,Parameter-prediction benchmarks need target reliability and design ceilings,Reported RMSE alone establishes useful semantic signal,arXiv:2607.07141,https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.07141,verified_preprint,2026-09-20
L07,Peters et al. Text-Based Approaches to Item Difficulty Modeling in Large-Scale Assessments: A Systematic Review,2025,preprint,systematic review,Automated item-difficulty prediction,37 articles through May 2025,"Language models can predict item difficulty in some settings, but studies vary in datasets, splits, targets and metrics",Maps existing text-to-difficulty literature and prevents novelty overclaiming,"Preprint; focuses large-scale assessment rather than health questionnaires, DIF or survey design",Text-based difficulty prediction is an established research area,Reported best-case metrics transfer to this project,arXiv:2509.23486,https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.23486,verified_preprint,2026-09-20
L08,Muthén and Asparouhov. IRT studies of many groups: the alignment method,2014,peer_reviewed,method plus Monte Carlo,Binary knowledge items across many country groups,Two surveys plus simulation,Alignment estimates group factor means/variances without requiring exact invariance and reports parameter non-invariance,Core comparator for many-country measurement invariance and DIF,Requires a prespecified factor structure and adequate linkage; alignment is not proof that all groups share one construct,Approximate invariance can be studied across many groups,Alignment repairs absent empirical connections or identifies a scale from semantics alone,10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00978,https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00978,verified_primary,2026-09-20
L09,Mansolf et al. Extensions of Multiple-Group Item Response Theory Alignment,2020,peer_reviewed,"method, simulation and application",International psychiatric genomics consortium with disparate item sets and formats,Multiple sites/instruments plus real-data-based simulation,Extended alignment accommodated differing item sets and response categories and recovered parameters in simulation,Closest latent-harmonization comparator for psychiatric phenotypes with nonidentical instruments,Needs specified construct/factor model and empirical connections; population and sampling designs differ from this project,Disparate psychiatric item sets can sometimes be aligned with explicit assumptions,Semantic priors alone create a common scale or eliminate anchor requirements,10.1177/0013164419897307,https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164419897307,verified_primary,2026-09-20
L10,Heinz et al. Item response theory and differential test functioning analysis of the HBSC-Symptom-Checklist across 46 countries,2022,peer_reviewed,cross-national psychometric application,Eight-item adolescent HBSC symptom checklist,"229,906 adolescents across 46 countries",Configural/metric invariance was more defensible than scalar invariance; alignment identified item non-invariance,Demonstrates the scale of cross-country adolescent DIF and consequences for comparisons,"Uses one established common instrument, not different survey tools or unseen-item semantic prediction",Cross-national adolescent comparisons require item-level invariance/DIF checks,A common questionnaire automatically yields scalar comparability,10.1186/s12874-022-01698-3,https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-022-01698-3,verified_primary,2026-09-20
L11,Savitsky and Williams. Pseudo Bayesian Mixed Models under Informative Sampling,2022,peer_reviewed,"method, simulation and application",Hierarchical models under informative multistage sampling,Simulation plus business-establishment survey example,Weighting only unit likelihood contributions can remain biased when random effects correlate with design; weighting random-effect distributions addresses this setting,Constrains how hierarchical country/survey effects and design weights can be combined,Not an IRT application; requires inclusion-probability information and design assumptions,Complex-sample Bayesian multilevel models need design-aware treatment beyond naive weighted likelihood,Multiplying every likelihood by a weight guarantees correct interval coverage,10.2478/jos-2022-0039,https://doi.org/10.2478/jos-2022-0039,verified_primary,2026-09-20
L12,Wu and Stephenson. Bayesian estimation methods for survey data with potential applications to health disparities research,2024,peer_reviewed_review,narrative methodological review,Bayesian analysis of complex survey data,"Reviews MRP, weighted pseudo-likelihood and synthetic-population approaches",No single Bayesian survey method is universally sufficient; assumptions and target estimands determine the route,Provides the survey-design method map for later model specifications and sensitivity analyses,Review rather than project-specific validation; does not resolve IRT identification,Multiple defensible Bayesian survey strategies exist and must be chosen by estimand/design,Bayesian modeling automatically corrects informative sampling,10.1002/wics.1633,https://doi.org/10.1002/wics.1633,verified_primary,2026-09-20
L13,Wu et al. Statistical harmonization of versions of measures across studies using external data,2025,peer_reviewed,calibration-sample method,Self-rated health and memory measured with different response formats,External calibration sample of 300 participants,A bridge sample answering both versions enabled model-based statistical harmonization with moderate agreement,Shows why bridge data may be necessary when archival surveys lack empirical links,Different constructs and older clinical population; external sample design differs from multi-item IRT,Targeted bridge data can identify transformations unavailable from disconnected archives,Text similarity can replace empirical bridge data without uncertainty,10.1016/j.annepidem.2025.01.002,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2025.01.002,verified_primary,2026-09-20